RESPECTUS PHILOLOGICUS 1(6), 2002 |
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Boýena Frankowska-Kozakp
University of Szczecin METHODS OF NOMINATING IN ANIMAL PROPER NAMES (ZOONYMS) The aim of this paper is to present the result of linguistic research into the process of name – giving and tendencies concerning animal proper names. Zoonyms are currently a productive group of proper names [1] , the creation of which is conditioned by such factors as cultural awareness, tradition and fashion. With the help of the Questionnaire for Investigating Rural Zoonymy in Poland (Against the Slavonic Background) designed by S. Warchoů [2] the linguistic data was collected among the citizens of rural West Pomerania in the years 1993 – 2000. Four age groups replied to the questionnaire (group 1: senior citizens aged 60+, group 2: aged 40 – 60, group 3: aged 20 – 40, group 4: aged below 20).They belonged to different dialectal groups. KEY WORDS: zoonyms, name – giving techniques; transonymisation, onymisation, derivational processes, antroponyms, toponyms, hydronyms; chrematonyms; transfer; expressive function; loan words; unclear motivation, non – nominativated names, affixative and non – affixative derivatives, derivatives of hypocoristic nature, disintegral, post – disintegral, pre – disintegral, indisintegral and alternative derivatives. On the area in question, proper names of farm animals (ie geese, hens, cows, sheep, pigs) [3] as well as pets (ie dogs, cats, canaries, hamsters, mice, rats and tortoises) are extremely varied. There are names given because of the influence of the mass media, eg Lanza (a dog), Kama (a cow), Milka (a cat) alongside traditional zoonyms eg Meăka (a cow), Grzywacz (a horse). The latter category (nominal derivatives marked expressively) is most frequently encountered among the oldest age group – senior citizens who came from central and eastern pre-WW II Poland and settled in West Pomerania in 1945 – 1946 [4] . Each person was asked to give the animal’s name, answer why this particular name was chosen, say who gave this name and state what species the animal belongs to (eg. parrot, tortoise, hamster mouse, horse, cow, pig). Approximately 30% of the people in question were not able to answer why a given name was chosen.Many gave answers of the type: Sara (parrot) “because I felt like it”; Ardax (dog) “I don’t know”. I classify such names as semantically non-motivated. By the way of contrast names semantically motivated are those zoonyms whose origin was explained by the animals’ owners eg Frania (a cow) “the name of my colleague who is not popular with others”, Apo (a dog) “because this dog can fetch” (Polish for fetch is aportowaă), Avita (a cat) “short for chocolate brand Terravita”, Maszek (a tortoise) “pet name of my friend Tomasz” and the like. The basis of the name-giving process were both appellatives and proper names. Zoonyms which are the subject of the present investigation are quoted directly from the questionnaire in the form presented by the respondents in the following order: – the proper name itself, – the species of the animal, – a quotation from the respondents (in inverted commas). Various name-giving techniques like transonymisation, onymisation, and derivational processes are used while creating an animal proper name [5] . Transonymisation (ie transfer of an already existing proper name from one word class to another) concerns the following names: – antroponyms, – toponyms, – ethnonyms, – hydronyms, – chrematonyms. Most frequently we encounter official and unofficial antroponyms functioning as zoonyms, with the crucial role being played by the emotional factor reflecting local likes and dislikes. A horse, cow or sheep bears the Christian name or a surname of a neighbour, relative or the animal’s, ex-owner. Such names have an expressive function: Walka (a pig) “it’s the host’s Christian name – Waldemar”, Zoúka (a cow) “we named her so in order to make our aunt Zoúka angry”, Sonia (a cow) “our neighbour’s name”, Maniucha (a cow) “comes from the name Maria”. Zoonyms which came into being as the result of a transfer of an already existing proper name (nomen proprium) from one name class to another Antroponyms functioning as zoonyms: names of real life people: Diana (a dog) “Princess Diana’s name” (Diana), Justysia (a cat) “that’s my friend’s Justysia’s name” (Justysia), Kuba (a parrot) “I like that name” (Kuba), Lili (a parrot) “my mum liked that name” (Lilia), Lucek (a canary) “because I like that name” (Lucek), Majka (a dog) “I have a friend called Maja” (Majka), Maks (a dog) “a name of a film detective” (Maks), Maryú (a cat) “because grandma likes this name and she called the cat” (diminutve from Marian), Wojtek (a parrot) “Wojtek is my son’s name” (Wojtek), Ziuta (a parrot) “my parrot was a gift from Ziuta” (diminutive from Józefa), Ziutek (a hamster) “I liked my teacher bearing this name” (diminutive from Józef), Zuzia (a hamster) “it’s a pet name of the owner’s distant relative who didn’t like hamsters" (diminutive from Zuzanna); names of fictitious characters: Amelka (a hamster) “the name Amelka was a doll’s name. The doll was the kid’s favourite toy. When she grew out of it she gave the doll’s name to a hamster” (Amelia), Cypisek (a tortoise) “a character from a cartoon”. The Adventures of Rumcajs the Robber” (Cypis), Filon (a hamster) “a name taken from the pastoral poem of F. Karpiński “Laura i Filon” (Filon), Hans (a Guinea pig) “the name of the main character of a TV series “Stakes Higher than Life” (Hans), James Bond (a hamster) “the owner maintains that his hamster is a real agent. It loves taking risks, dangerous adventures and is never scared. Just like the real 007 James Bond” (James Bond), Julia (a mouse) “a mate for Romeo from the play “Romeo and Juliette” (Julia), Jurand (a rat) “Jurand is his owner’s hero. The name was chosen because the rat has only got one eye, the other was eaten by the rat’s friend” a character from H. Sienkiewicz’s novel “The Knights of the Cross”; chrematonyms functioning as zoonyms: Ajaks (a dog) “a name of a cleaning detergent advertised on TV. The dog’s distinctive feature is exaggerated cleanliness” (Ajaks), Ariel (a horse) “a name taken from a TV advert of washing powder” (Ariel), Ariel (a dog) “washing powder from a TV advert” (Ariel), As (a dog) “the owner’s favourite wine brand” (As), Brok (a dog) “the owner’s favourite beer brand” (Brok), Czapi (a cat) “the name comes from a TV advert of dog food” (Chappi), Czibo (a dog) “a name taken from coffee advert” (Tchibo), Czips (a hamster) “a name from a TV advert of crisps” (Chipsy), Ford (a hamster) “the owner’s favorite car make”, Frisbi (a dog)“a name of a popular game” (Frisbee), Jaffa (a tortoise) “a name from oranges’ stickers” (Jaffa), Kama (a parrot) “a TV advert of bread spread” (Kama), Philips (a horse) “the name comes from a company making electronic equipment” (“Philips”), Tina (a dog) “the idea of a name for the dog comes from a name of women’s magazine” (“Tina”),Wezyr (a tortoise) “a corrupted form of advertised washing powder’s name Vizir” (Vizir); ethnonyms functioning as zoonyms: Cygan (a dog) “the dog is as black as a Gypsy”, Murzyn (a dog) “its coat is black” (Murzyn), Murzyn (a bull) “because it was all black” (Murzyn), Murzynka (a cow) “because she was all black” (Murzynka); toponyms functioning as zoonyms: Azja (a parrot) “my uncle has been there and he likes talking about this continent” (Azja), Kuba (a dog) “the name comes from the name of the island of Cuba” (Kuba); other proper names functioning as zoonyms: These names are taken from authentic animal names traditionally used in a given family: Alojzy (a horse) “our previous horse had the same name” (Alojzy), Arab (a horse)“Its great-grandfather was a pure Arab horse and was also called so” (Arab), Basia (a cow) “because we often give this name to our cows” (Basia), Baúka (a cow) “we always call our cows like that” (Baúka), Buůan (a horse) “our grandpa would call his horses so” (Buůan), Cipulka (a hen) “I always call hens like that” (Cipulka), Kwoka (a hen) “I call all my hens like that” (Kwoka), Ůaciata (a cow) “grandma would call her cows so” (Ůaciata), Meăka (a cow) “we call cows so out of habit” (Meăka), Muăka (a cow) “we always call cows like tha” (Muăka), Parasiuk (a pig) “we always call pigs like that” (Parasiuk), Pestka (a pig) “when we bought her she already had this name” (Pestka); names originating from proper names of fictitious animal characters: Aleksander (a mouse) “because of a TV series “Maja the Be”, Aleksander (a rat) “there was a mouse called Alexander in a TV series “Maja the Bee”, Alf (a hamster) “the main character of a comedy series – Alf”, Balbina (a parrot) “a character from TV “Balbinka the Goose”, Bags (a Rabbit) “A cartoon character”, Baksio (a rabbit) “a cartoon about Bugs Bunny”, Bonifacy (a rabbit) “a character from a cartoon “Adventures of Filemon the Cat”. Onymisation, that is the use of an appellative in the function of a proper name, is another way of forming zoonyms. Indigenous appelatives from all functional kinds of the Polish language (Mlaskacz – a pig, from mlaskaă, Polish for slurp) professional jargon (Wiúnia a cat, “wiúnia is somebody who commits social blunders and the cat often damaged things”, schoolchildren jargon) and folk dialects are used (Raby – a bull, dialectal folk name indicating a black and white coat) [6] . Zoonyms based on appelatives Zoonyms describing animals’ outer features: Babula (a cow) “when we got her she was already an old cow” (babula – gran), Baryůka (a pig) “because she was very fat. She looked like a barrel on legs” (baryůka – barrel), Biaůa (a cow) “she is almost white” (biaůa – white), Krasa (a cow) “her coat is reddish” (krasa – red), Kropka (a cow) “she had lots of small spots” (kropka – spot), Kruszynka (a rabbit) “it was tiny” (kruszynka – the little one). Zoonyms describing animals’ character and behaviour: Bůotko (a pig) “because it likes playing in the mud” (bůotko – mud), Bůyskawica (a horse) “it’s as quick as lightning” (bůyskawica – a lightning), Brudasek (a pig) “because she is always dirty” (brudasek – dirt), Herszt (a bull) “because he is the herd leader” (herszt – leader). Zoonyms based on loan words: borrowings from English: Boj (a dog) “English for chůopiec. The dog is a male hence the name”., Boss (a dog) “English for szef”, Crazy (a dog) “because it behaves in a crazy way”, Dog (a dog) “English for pies”, Joke (a dog) “English for ýart”, Lady (a dog) “she is a vicious dog, attacking people and dangerous. So the name is contrary to the dog's character. She should be rather called Krwawa Mary – Bloody Mary”. Borrowings from Spanish: Amigo (a dog) “because it is my best friend and Spanish for friend is amigo”, Perrito (a dog) “this is Spanish for little dog”. Borrowings from Russian: Ýulik (a dog) “this is a hunting dog and ýulik means in Russian petty thief”. Zoonyms with unclear motivation or non-motivated names There are names whose origin could not be explained. They were chosen by chance eg Aksel (a dog), Ares (a dog), Gusia (a hamster). Derivational processes are another way of forming zoonyms. In the material collected for the purpose of the present study there are names which are affixative as well as non-affixative derivatives. The characteristic feature of the former category is its big number of suffixes,the most productive being: -ek., -ka, -ik, -uú, -uch, -uúka,-ula. The suffix -ek, -ka in nominal zoonyms serves almost entirely a structural purpose. It does not introduce any additional meaning. Only in derivatives from proper names does it retain, to a certain extent, a hypocoristic – diminutive function eg Smerfek (a cat) “Smurf”, Acek (a dog) “Ace”, Benek (a parrot) “Benny”, Tinek (a pig) “Tina”. It is not so in adjectival or verbal zoonyms, where the suffix -ek, -ka shows that the animal possesses a given feature or performs a given action eg Biaůaska (a cow) “white”, Chrupek (a hamster) “to munch”, Topek (a tortoise) “to drown”, Tropek (a tortoise) “to follow”. Names of pets (cats, dogs, hamsters, tortoises) are most often derived with the use of -ek (Ůatek – a cat – “because there is a spot on its paw” (ůata – a spot), Misiek – a dog –“its coat is very dense as if it belonged to a bear” (miú – bear), -uú Czaruú -a cat- “it is charming and wants to be stroked” (czarowaă – to charm), Miauczuú – a cat- “it meows loudly when wants some milk” (miauczeă – to meow), -ka (Psotka- a dog- “she always plays tricks” (psociă- to play tricks), Únieýka – a cat- “he is as white as snow” (únieg – snow). Farm animals’ names are characterised by the frequent use of the following suffixes: a) for cow names -ula (Czarnula “she has huge spots” (czarne-black), Krasula “because her coat is reddish” (krasa – red), -ocha (Pstrocha “her coat is of different colours” <pstra – multi-coloured>, Siwocha “its coat is grey” (siwy-grey), -ka (Biaůka “there is a huge white spots on her back” (ůata- a spot) [7] ; b) for horse names: -ek (masculine suffix added to various stems), (Lalek “he is as pretty as a doll” (lala – a doll), Siwek “he is all grey” (siwy – grey) -a (feminine suffix for adjectival and nominal horse names) eg Burka (bury), Tygryska (tygrys - a tiger). Similarly to -ek, -ka, the suffix -uú is used for derivatives from various stems. In most cases it retains an expressive – hypocoristic meaning, it often shows that the animal possesses a given feature or performs a certain activity eg Szaruú: szary – grey, Pŕczuú: pŕczek – a dough – nut, Szczekuú: szczekaă – to bark, Tuptuú: tupaă – to thump, Biaůuú: biaůy – white. The -ik derivatives are of hypocoristic nature eg Atosik – a dog- <Atos>, Bobik -a cat- <Bobo>, Tropik – a tortoise – (to follow), Yetik – a tortoise- <Yeti>. Except for affixation there were other types of zoonym formation: 1. Paradigmatic derivatives. Here we deal with a zero grammatical morpheme and a change within the inflexional paradigm. Declension endings function as formants [8] . Eg Doú (a dog) (Dosia) typical feminine declension ending -a was deleted; Elfa (a dog) feminine declension ending -a was added; Elfa (a Guinea pig)(Elf), Úmiesia (a parrot) (úmiech – laughter) typical feminine declension ending -a was added, plus a change of ch into ú. Trusia (a parrot) (Truú) typical feminine declension ending -a was added; Wasyla (a tortoise) typical feminine declension ending -a was added. This category is not numerous. 2. Disintegral derivatives. Here we have no grammatical morphemes or change within. Lexyjny paradigm. The crucial, and very often the only, sign of derivation is the shortening of the stem of a word which is the basis of derivation together with a non-obligatory morphophonological change [9] . Depending on which part of the base word was shortened we differentiate between pre-disintegral, post-disintegral and in-disintegral derivatives. a) post-disintegral derivatives:
Balba (a cat) “It’s a name of Balbinka the Goose from a TV
series” (Balbina), Mela (a cat) “I liked that name” (Melania),
Rok (a cat) (Roksana) - b) pre-disintegral derivatives: Drzej (a dog) “My name is Jćdrzej” (Jćdrzej) jć- deleted; Patra (a cat) “I watched a historical film about Cleopatra. I changed the name a little so it would be unique” (Kleopatra) kleo- deleted. c) in-disintegral derivatives: Buůa (A Guinea pig) (buůka) -k deleted; Daga (a dog) (Dagmara) -mar- deleted; Mika (a dog) (Mirka) -r- deleted; Mika (a cat) (milutka) -lut- deleted; Mika (a guinea pig) (Milka) -l deleted; Mrówka (a dog) (mrówka). Zoonyms which belong to category a) are formed similarly to pet names in schoolchildren's jargon, where we can notice a tendency to use the suffix -i, eg Sam-i - Samanta, Ůuk-i Ůukasz and the pattern which is followed are hypocoristic forms of non-native names,eg Roki. 3. Alternative derivatives.This category is characterised by a morphological change differentiating between the base word and the derived one. This change can be regular (a phonetic change) or irregular, opportunistically used by the person who invented the zoonym: Bezia (a canary) (beza) only a consonantal change z : ę; Bubi (a dog) (Dudi) consonantal shift d : b; Buzio (a dog) (buzia); Tapi (a dog) (Chapi) consonantal change ch : t ;Tini (a Guinea pig) (Tina) vocalic change a: i; Tuba (a Guinea pig) (Kuba) consonantal change k : t. In the data collected for the present study there were one and two-word zoonyms. The latter consisted of either an adjective and noun or two nouns eg Brzydkie Kaczŕtko – Ugly Duckling (a duck) “from Andersen's fairy tale”, Důuga Broda – Long Beard (a goat) “Its coat was black but its beard was white and long”, Kaczor Donald – Donald the Duck (a duck) “from Disney’s cartoon. My kids watched it”., Ruda Kita – Red Tail (a cat) “because it had a beautiful, fluffy, red tail”, Siwa Broda – Grey Beard (a goat) “because it had a grey beard”. Compounds are a separate albeit not a numerous group: Biaůogůowa (a duck) (white head – biaůa gůowa), Czarnopiórka (a hen) (black feathers- czarne pióra), Důugabroda (a goat) (long beard- důuga broda), Důugowůosa (a sheep) (long hair- důugie wůosy), Szaropiórka (a hen) (grey feathers – szare pióra), Zielononóýka (a hen) (green leg – zielona nóýka), Ýóůtonóýka (a hen) (yellow leg- ýóůta nóýka). A tendency in those compounds was to retain their second part in the nominative case eg Pasibrzuch, Wiercipićta. The type of intra-fixal derivation (most often suffix -i) shows that a verb can also become one of the compound components eg Drap-i-brzuch [10] . CONCLUSIONS A few conclusions concerning proper names of farm animals and pets can be drawn. I have analysed c.a. 4000 animal names on the area in question and I can say that there is a fashion in zoonyms too. The most popular names come up very often, eg Baúka, Biaůa, Dojna, Jarzćbiaty, Morus. There are also rare names: Arab (a horse), Bůyskawica (a horse), Cap (a goat) Úwinia (a pig), Wicher (a horse). There are names which have been given to several species eg Biaůa (a duck) “because it was white”, (a hen) “because her feathers were white” (a goat), “it was as white as snow” (a cow) “there was hardly any black on her coat”, (a sheep) “her wool was beautifully white” (a pig), “it was white”; Siwa (a duck) “it had white and grey feathers”, (a goat) ”her coat was grey”, “a cow) “her coat was white and grey” (a sheep), “her coat was grey”. As far as semantic classification is concerned there are names based on appellatives as well as other proper names. Anything that has to do with the life of a farm animal can be used as its name. Such zoonyms describe the animal’s look, character or its characteristic features.The most frequent semantic groups are the ones describing: – the animal’s character: [Serek (a mouse) “it only eats cheese” (ser-cheese), Figiel (a Guinea pig) “it likes to play” (figlowaă – play happily),Czůapek (a tortoise) “when it walks around its hutch it thumps loudly” (czůapaă- thump)]; – its look [Puszek (a cat) “it’s fluffy” (puszysty- fluffy), Rudzik (a canary) “its feathers are red” (rudy- red), Dziobek (a canary) “it has got a funny red beak” (dziób- beak)]; – names derived from the names of species [Aria (a parrot) “it is an ara. I only added the “I”, Chomcio (a hamster) “a diminutive from chomik”(chomik – amster), Papusz (a parrot) iminutive from parrot”(papuga- parrot)]. The least numerous are zoonyms based on gems [Pereůka (a dog) “because it is as white as a pearl” (pereůka – a pearl)], and commemorative names: [Korek (a dog) “it got stuck one day” (korek)]. As far as names formed on the basis of other proper names go the most frequent group contained: – zoonyms based on other zoonyms [Elza (a dog) “our previous dog’s name” (Elza), Kulfon (a dog) “a funny fairy tale creature” (Kulfon), Maja (a dog) “from a cartoon Maja the Bee” (Maja)]; – zoonyms based on antroponyms [Rok (a cat) “my name is Roksana” (Roksana), Rambo (a tortoise) “from the film “Rambo”]; – zoonyms based on chrematonyms [Avita (a cat) “I liked the name of the chocolate brand Terravita” (Terravita), Rex (a dog) “there is this washing powder Pollena Rex “(Pollena Rex), Mynton (a parrot) “I heard this advert on TV” (Mynton)]. The rationale behind giving animals their names is extremely diverse. Many non-linguistic factors such as family relations, people’s mobility and generation changes influence the choice of the animal name. A new factor can be observed here, namely radio and TV advertisements. Although members of all age groups give their animals such names, the young generation forms the overwhelming majority eg Ariel (a dog) “washing powder on TV”, Ajaks (a cat) “I liked the name of the gentle abrasive cleaning agent” (Ajaks), Inka (a cat) “it has got a brown coat like coffee” (Inka), Kaja (a parrot) “I like this pop singer Kayah” (Kaja), Kama (a dog) “I took this name from a TV ad” (Kama), Napi (a dog) “name taken from an ad” (Napi),Whiskas (a cat) “my cat loves this food” (Whiskas), Tabss (a dog) “the dog is as strong as the tablet from the TV ad” (Tabss). Both native and loan words are used for nominating animals. Primary and secondary schoolchildren use mainly English and German loan words: Silver (a dog), Blic (a dog), Pepper (a cat), Konguú (a tortoise) from “king”. There is also a new, not very numerous, group of names, mainly cats and dogs - those inspired by companies’, organisations’ and music bands' names (Avonka, Wella, Mafia).These names reflect the economic changes we have been experiencing for the last decade or so. Names based on toponyms are the least frequent category: Ibiza (a dog), Maroko (a cat), Gobik from Gobi (a tortoise). The analysis of the linguistic material showed a great variety of zoonyms, depending on their interpretation, source of inspiration and the zoonymic stem. The names investigated also show word- forming tendencies in the spoken language of the rural inhabitants of West Pomerania. Boýena Frankowska-Kozak GYVŰNŘ PAVADINIMŘ (ZOONIMŘ) SUDARYMO METODAI Santrauka Darbo tikslas – apibendrinti vardř teikimo proceso lingvistinio tyrimo rezultatus ir gyvűnř tikriniř vardř darybos tendencijas. Điuo metu zoonimai yra produktyvi tikriniř vardř grupë. Pastebëta, kad renkantis gyvűno tikriná vardŕ, yra vartojami ávairűs ávardijimo bűdai. Transonimizacija (jau egzistuojančio vardo perëjimas iđ vienos ţodţiř klasës á kitŕ) pasitaiko antroponimuose, toponimuose, etnonimuose, hidronimuose ir chrematonimuose. Daţniausiai vartojami oficialűs ir neoficialűs antroponimai, kurie funkcionuoja kaip zoonimai. Paprastai viskŕ lemia emocinis veiksnys, atspindintis vietinius pomëgius ar antipatijas. Gyvuliai (arkliai, karvës ar avys) vadinami ţmoniř vardais: kaimynř, giminiř ar buvusiř đeimininkř. Jiems bűdinga ekspresyvi funkcija. Pavyzdţiui, Walka (kiaulës) – tai sutrumpintas đeimininko Walkenur’o vardas. Onimizacija, t.y. bendrinio daiktavardţio vartojimas tikrinio vardo reikđme, yra kitas zoonimř kűrimo bűdas. Bendriniai daiktavardţiai iđ ávairiř funkciniř lenkř kalbos sričiř, pavyzdţiui: Mlaskacz – kiaulës vardas nuo ţodţio mlaskaă – đliurpti. Vartojami ir profesiniai ţargonizmai, pavyzdţiui: Wiúnia – katës vardas. Mokiniř ţargone “wisnia” – tai socialiniř taisykliř nesilaikantis ţmogus, o katë daţnai pridaro ţalos. Taip pat yra vartojami ir vietiniai dialektai. Derivacijos procesai – tai dar vienas zoonimř sudarymo bűdas. Yra vardř, kurie sudaryti afiksacijos bűdu. Vyrauja priesagos, iđ kuriř pačios produktyviausios yra –ek, -ka, -ik, -uú, -uch, -uúka, -ula. Tyrinëti vardai atskleidţia ţodţiř darybos tendencijas vakarř Pameranës gyventojř đnekamojoje kalboje. REIKĐMINIAI ŢODŢIAI: zoonimai, vardř teikimo technika, transonimizacija, onimizacija; derivacinis procesas, antroponimai, toponimai, hidronimai, chrematonimai, ekspresinë funkcija, skoliniai, neaiđki motyvacija, nemotyvuoti vardai, priesaginiai ir nepriesaginiai vediniai, hipokoristinio pobűdţio vediniai, suskaidyti ir alternatyvieji vediniai. Gauta 2001 12 05 Spaudai áteikta 2002 03 29 [1] STRUTYŃSKI, J. Urbozoonimia polska. Kraków, 1996, p. 102 – 104. [2] WARCHOŮ, S. Kwestionariusz do badania zoonimi ludowej w Polsce: (na tle sůowiańskim ). Lublin, 1993. [3] ABRAMOWICZ, Z. Nazwy zwierzŕt gospodarskich we wsiach póůnocno-wschodniej Polski. In 12 Slovenska onomastická konferencia 6. Seminár: ,,Onomasticka a đkola”, Pređov, 1996, s. 182 [4] EBERHARDT, P. Polska ludnoúă kresowa: rodowyd, liczebnoúă, rozmieszczenie. Warszawa, 1998, p. 191 – 194. [5] KOSYL, Cz. Chrematonimy. In Encyklopedia kultury polskiej XX wieku. Wrocůaw, 1993, t. 2; Wspóůczesny jćzyk polski. Pоd red. J. Bartmińskiego. Wrocůaw, 1993, p. 441 – 442. [6] Sůownik Gwar Polskich.Pad red. J. Karůowicz. Kraków, t. 5, p. 2. [7] FRANKOWSKA-KOZAK, B. Z badań nad zoonomiŕ Ziemi Gorzowskiej. Studia Russica, Budapest, 1999, 27, p. 35. [8] STRUTYŃSKI, J. Gramatyka polska. Kraków, 1998, p. 255 – 256. [9] FRANKOWSKA-KOZAK, B. Eigennamen der Haustiere in der gesprachenSpreche der Einwohner Szczecins. In Proceedings of the XIXth International Congress of Onomastic Sciences Aberdeen, August 4 – 11, 1996. Aberdeen, 1998, p. 119. [10] WARCHOŮ, S. Tradycja i wspóů czesnoúă w polskiej zoonimi ludowej: (na tle sůowiańskim). Rozprawy slawistyczne, Lublin, 1996, t. 11, p. 161. |
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